ORD1995855AMENDED
ORDINANCE #E55
COMMON COUNCIL - CITY OF MUSKEGO
0 AN ORDINANCE TO AMEND CHAPTER 30, TO CREATE SECTION 30.435
OF THE MUNICIPAL CODE OF THE CITY OF MUSKEGO
(Building Code/Signs)
THE COMMON COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF MUSKEGO, WISCONSIN, DO ORDAIN AS
FOLLOWS :
I
of the City of Muskego, Wisconsin, is hereby created and made a
part of the Municipal Code as adopted by Ordinance #855, as
amended.
SECTION 1: Chapter 30, Section 30.435 of the Municipal Code
Office of the City Clerk and open to public inspection for not less
than two weeks prior to the date of this Ordinance and said
Ordinance is hereby incorporated into the Municipal Code of the
City.
SECTION 2: A copy of said Ordinance has been on file in the
SECTION 3: The several sections of this Ordinance are
declared to be severable. If any section or portion thereof shall
be declared by a decision of a court of competent jurisdiction to
be invalid, unlawful, or unenforceable, such decision shall apply
only to the specific section or portion thereof directly specified
in the decision, and not affect the validity of all other
provisions, sections, or portion thereof of the Ordinance which
terms are in conflict with the provisions of this Ordinance are
hereby repealed as to those terms that conflict.
0 shall remain in full force and effect. Any other ordinance whose
SECTION 4: This Ordinance shall be in full force and effect
from and after its passage and publication.
PASSED AND APPROVED THIS 14th DAY OF MARCH , 1995.
/’
CITY OF MUSKE
David L. De Angelis, Mayor
First Reading 10/11/94
Deferred 10/25/94
ATTEST :
Published on the 23rd
day of March , 1995.
STATE OF WISCONSIN )
Milwaukee County ) ) ss.
Officmtice
COMMON COUNCIL - AMENDED
CITY OF MUSKEG0 ORDINANCE 6855 AN ORDINANCE TO AMEND CHAPTER
30, TO CREATE SECTION 30.435 OF THE
MUNICIPAL CODE OF THE ClTY OF . MUSKEG0
(Building Code/signe) THE COMMON COUNCIL OF THE CITY
OF MUSKEGO. WISCONSIN. DO ORDAIN AsFoLLows SEPON 1: Chapter 30, %&ion 30.43501
the Municipal Code of the City of Mushego.
Wiseom+. is hereby created and made a part
of the Municipal Code as adopted by Ordi-
nance #855. as amended. SECTlON 2: A wpy of said Ordinan- has
beenonfile~theOMfeoftheCityClerkand
open to public inspedion for not leen two
weekip+ to the date of this ordipanee and
said Ordinance is hereby incarporated into
the'Munidpal Code of !he City. . -.. .~:
Odimnce are declared to be severable. If my
SECTION 3: The several sections of this
section or pdrficm thereofshall be dsld by
adesisionofaeolutorwmpetentjurisdietion
to hi invalid, unla+, or unenforceable.
- section dr pofiio" thereofdirectly spedfied in
sug,decimoo shall apply only to the specific
the decision. and not aITect the validity of all -
other pmvisidzis, sectioy, or partion thereof
of the.(hdinance which nhall remain in full
force and eITect.-Any other Ordinance whose
terms e in codid with the provisions of
thin Ordinance m- hereby repealed as to
those terms that wnflict. SECTION 4: Thin Ordinance shall be in
full force and effect from and aAer it6 passage ~~
and publication.
DAY OF MARCH, 1995.
PASSED AND APPROVED THIS 14th
ClTY OF MUSKEGO
a newspaper published at fl.U%GC) ~ . . . . . .
Wisconsin and that an advertisement of which the annexed is a
true copy, taken from said paper, was published therein on
. . ..
.. ...__ .
.. ..
... ..
BOOKKEEPER.
Subscribed and sworn to beforg me this .A -=.d . dav
of
My Commission expires AP.R.1.L 6 19 97 v
AlTEST
David L. De Angelis. Mayor
City Clerk
COMMON COUNCIL - CITY OF MUSKEGO
AMENDED
ORDINANCE #E55
AN ORDINANCE TO AMEND CHAPTER 30
TO CREATE SECTION 30.435
OF THE MUNICIPAL CODE OF THE CITY OF MUSKEGO
THE COMMON COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF MUSKEGO, WISCONSINl DO ORDAIN
AS FOLLOWS:
SECTION 1: Chapter 30, Section 30.435 of the Municipal Code of
the City of Muskego, Wisconsin, is hereby created to read as
follows:
30.435 SIGNS
30.435 A. WHERE TO REFERENCE
(1) Basic design and construction standards for various sign
types, begin at 30.435 B.
(2) Sign size, height, location, appearance, permissibility and approval
regulations can be found in Section 17:6.09 of the Zoning Ordinance.
30.435 6. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
0
Load Capacity. Signs and sign structures shall be designed and
constructed to resist wind and seismic forces as specified in this
Section. All bracing systems shall be designed and constructed to
transfer lateral forces to the foundations. For signs on buildings the
dead and lateral loads shall be transmitted through the structural frame
of the building to the ground in such manner as not to overstress any of
the elements thereof.
The overturning moment produced from lateral forces shall in no case
exceed two-thirds of the dead-load resisting moment. Uplift due to
overturning shall be adequately resisted by proper anchorage to the
ground or to the structural frame of the building. The weight of earth
superimposed over footings may be used in determining the dead-load
resisting moment. Such earth shall be carefully placed and thoroughly
compacted.
Wind Loads - Signs and sign structures shall be designed and
constructed to resist wind forces as specified in Chapter Ind 53,
State Building Code.
constructed to resist seismic forces as specified in Chapter Ind
Seismic Loads - Signs and sign structures shall be designed and
53, State Building Code.
Combined Loads - Wind and seismic loads need not be combined in
the design of signs or sign structures; only that loading producing
the larger stresses need be used.
Vertical design loads, except roof live loads, shall be assumed to
be acting simultaneously with the wind or seismic loads.
Allowable Stresses - The design of wood, concrete, or steel
members shall conform to the requirements of the State Building
Code. Loads, both vertical and horizontal, exerted on the soil
shall not produce stresses exceeding those specified in the State
Building Code.
The working stresses of wire rope and its fastenings shall not
exceed 25% of the ultimate strength of the rope or fasteners.
Working stresses for wind or seismic loads combined with dead
Building Code.
loads may be increased as specified in Chapter Ind 53, State
Supports. The supports for all signs or sign structures shall be placed
in or upon private property and shall be securely built, constructed, and
erected in conformance with the requirements of this Code.
Materials and Details. Materials of construction for signs and sign
structures shall be of the quality and grade as specified for buildings
in the State Building Code.
of construction shall, in the absence of specified requirements, conform
In all signs and sign structures the materials and details
with the following:
(a) Structural steel shall be of such quality as to conform with
A.S.T.M. Standard A36. Secondary members in contact with or
directly supporting the display surface may be formed of light
gauge steel, provided such members are designed in accordance with
the specifications of the design of light gauge steel as specified
in A.S.T.M. Standard A36 and in addition shall be galvanized.
Secondary members when formed integrally with the display surface,
shall be not less than No. 24 gauge in thickness.
When not formed integrally with the display surface, the minimum
thickness of the secondary members shall be No. 12 gauge. The
minimum thickness of hot-rolled steel members furnishing
structural support for signs shall be one-fourth inch (1/4")
except that if galvanized, such members shall be not less than
one-eighth inch (1/8") thick. Steel pipes shall be of such quality
as to conform with A.S.T.M. Standard A36. Steel members may be
connected with one galvanized bolt provided the connection is
adequate to transfer the stresses in the members.
(b) Anchors and supports when of wood and embedded in the soil, or
within six inches (6") of the soil, shall be of all heartwood of a
durable species or shall be pressure-treated with an approved
preservative. Such members shall be marked or branded by an
approved agency.
Anchors - Members supporting unbraced signs shall be so proportioned that
the bearing loads imposed on the soil in either direction, horizontal or
vertical, shall not exceed the safe values. Braced ground signs shall be
direction. Anchors and supports shall be designed for safe bearing loads
anchored to resist the specified wind or seismic load acting in any
on the soil and for an effective resistance to pull-out amounting to a
force 25% greater than the required resistance to overturning. Anchors
the frost line. Signs attached to masonry, concrete, or steel shall be
and supports shall penetrate to a depth below ground greater than that of
safely and securely fastened thereto by means of metal anchors, bolts, or
safely the loads applied.
approved expansion screws of sufficient size and anchorage to support
0 NO wooden blocks or plugs or anchor8 with wood used in connection with
of signs attached to wood framing.
screws or nails shall be considered proper anchorage, except in the case
No anchor or support of any sign shall be connected to, or
supported by, an unbraced parapet wall, unless such wall is
designed in accordance with the requirements for parapet walls
specified in the State Building Code.
(5) Display Surfaces - Display surfaces in all types of signs may be made of
wood, metal, glass or approved plastics. Glass thickness and area
limitations shall be as set forth in Table 4-A.
Table NO. 4-A - size, Thickness and Type of Glass Panels in
Signs.
Maximum Size of Exposed
Glass Panel
Any Dimension Area (in Minimum Thickness
(In Inches) Sq. Inches) of Glass (in Inches) Type Of Glass
30 500 1/8
45 700 3/18
144 3600 1/4
Plain, Plate
or Wired
Plain, Plate
or Wired
Plain, Plate
or Wired
Over 144 Over 3600 1/4 Wired Glass
Sections of approved plastics on wall signs shall not
exceed one hundred and fifty square feet (150 sq.ft.) in area.
Exceptions:
Sections of approved plastics on signs other than wall
signs may be unlimited area if approved by the Building Official.
Sections of approved plastics on wall signs shall be
separated three feet (3') laterally and six feet (6') vertically by the
required exterior wall construction.
Sections of approved plastics on signs other than wall signs may not be
required to be separated if approved by the Building Official.
(6) Approved Plastics - The Building Official shall require that sufficient
technical data be submitted to substantiate the proposed use of any
plastic material and, if it is determined that the evidence submitted is
satisfactory for the use intended, he may approve its use.
(7) Clearance Requirements. General - All types of signs shall conform to
the clearance requirements of this section.
Clearance from High Voltage Power Lines - Signs shall be located
vertically from overhead electrical conductors which are energized
not less than six feet (6') horizontally or twelve feet (12')
this Section means any electrical conductor, either bare or
in excess of 750 volts. The term "overhead conductors" as used in
enclosed in iron pipe or other material covering of equal strength.
insulated, installed above the ground except such conductors as are
Clearance from Fire Escapes or Exits - No sign or sign structure
shall be erected in such a manner that any portion of its surface
or supports will interfere in any way with the free use of any fire
escape or exit.
Obstruction of Openings - No sign shall obstruct any openings to
such an extent that light or ventilation is reduced to a point
below that required by this Code.
wall in which there are openings within the area of the sign, shall be
Internally illuminated signs erected within five feet (5') of an exterior
constructed of incombustible material or approved plastics.
30.435 C. FREESTANDING SIGNS
(1) Materials. Freestanding signs shall be constructed of any material as
provided in sec. 30.435 8.
(2) Supports. All supports of freestanding signs shall be placed upon
private property and shall be securely built, constructed and erected to
conform with requirements specified in sec. 30.435 B.
30.435 D. PROJECTING SIGNS
Materials. Projecting Signs shall be constructed of any material as
provided in sec. 30.435 B.
Design. Projecting Signs shall be thoroughly secured and anchored to the
frame of the building to which they are constructed and ,erected, and
shall be designed in accordance with the requirements specified in sec.
30.435 B.
435 E. WALL SIGNS
Materials. Wall signs shall be constructed of any material as provided
in sec. 30.435 8.
Design. Wall signs shall be designed in accordance with the requirements
specified in sec. 30.435 A.
30.435 F. MARQUEES.
Signs may be placed on, attached to, or constructed in a marquee. Such signs
shall, for the purpose of determining projection, clearance, height and
material, be considered a part of and shall meet the requirements for a
marquee as specified in the State Building Code.
30.435 G. ELECTRIC SIGNS.
(1) Incombustible Materials. The display area of electric signs shall be
constructed of incombustible materials.
(2) Watertight Shell - The enclosed shell of electric signs shall be
watertight, excepting that service holes fitted with covers shall be
provided into each compartment of such signs.
(3) Installation - Electrical equipment used in connection with display signa
electrical installation.
shall be installed in accordance with local ordinances regulating
(4) Erector's Name - Every electric sign shall have painted on the surface of
the sign the name of the sign erector and date of erection. Such name
and date shall be of sufficient size and contrast to be readable from a
grounds for rejection of the sign by the Building Official.
reasonable distance. Failure to provide such name and date shall be
30.435 H. TEMPORRRY SIGNS
See Section 6.09(13) of the Zoning Ordinance.
TXTCITY/MUNICD:CHPTR304.35
Ordinance #E55
SECTION 2: The several sections of this ordinance are declared to
be severable. If any section or portion thereof shall be declared
by a decision of a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid,
unlawful, or unenforceable, such decision shall apply only to the
specific section or portion thereof directly specified in the
decision, and not affect the validity of all other provisions,
sections, or portion thereof of the ordinance which shall remain
conflict with the provisions of this ordinance are hereby repealed
in full force and effect. Any other ordinance whose terms are in
as to those terms that conflict.
SECTION 3: This ordinance shall be in full force and effect
from and after its passage and publication.
PASSED AND APPROVED THIS 14th DAY OF MARCH
ATTEST :
10/94 jmb
First Reading 10/11/94
Deferred 10/25/94
Cover Ordinance
published on the 23rd day
of March, 1995.
PROPOSED AMENDMENT
COMMON COUNCIL - CITY OF MUSKEG0
ORDINANCE #855
AN ORDINANCE TO AMEND CHAPTER 30, TO CREATE SECTION 30.435
OF THE MUNICIPAL CODE OF THE CITY OF MUSKEG0 \ (Building Code/Signs)
THE COMMON COUNCIAOF THE CITY OF MUSKEGO, WISCONSIN, DO ORDAIN AS
FOLLOWS : \
\ SECTION 1: ChapFer 30, Section 30.435 of the Municipal Code
of the City of Muskego,, Wisconsin, is hereby created and made a
part of the Municipal
Office of the City Cle
than two weeks prior to t
Ordinance is hereby incor ted into the Municipal Code of the
SECTION 2: A copy said Ordinance has been on file in the
city.
SECTION 3: The several tions of this Ordinance are
declared to be severable. If
be declared by a decis
be invalid, unlawful,
only to the specific s
in the decision, and not affect t
provisions, sections,
shall remain in full f
terms are in conflict with the provi
Any other ordinance whose
s of this Ordinance are
hereby repealed as to those terms th
SECTION 4: This
from and after its pas
PASSED AND APPROVED THIS
ATTEST :
City Clerk
First Reading 10/11/94
Deferred 10/25/94
Published on the
day of , 1995.
PROPOSED AMENDMENT
ORDINANCE #E55
COMMON COUNCIL - CITY OF MUSKEGO
AN ORDINANCE TO AMEND CHAPTER 30
OF THE MUNICIPAL CODE OF THE CITY OF MUSKEGO
TO CREATE SECTION 30.435
THE COMMON COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF MUSKEGO, WISCONSIN, DO ORDAIN
AS FOLLOWS:
SECTION 1: Chapter 30, Section 30.435 of the Municipal Code of
the City of Muskego, Wisconsin, is hereby created to read as
follows:
30.435 SIGNS
30.435 A. WHERE TO REFERENCE (1) Basic design and constructions
standards for various sign types, begin at 30.435 (B)
(2) Sign size, height, location, appearance, permissibility and
approval regulations can be found in Section 17:6.09 of the
Zoning Ordinance.
30.435 B. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION (1) Load Capacity. Signs and sign
structures shall be designed and constructed to resist wind and seismic
forces as specified in this Section. All bracing systems shall be
designed and constructed to transfer lateral forces to the foundations.
For signs on buildings the dead and lateral loads shall be transmitted
through the structural frame of the building to the ground in such manner
as not to overstress any of the elements thereof.
The overturning moment produced from lateral forces shall in
no case exceed two-thirds of the dead-load resisting moment.
Uplift due to overturning shall be adequately resisted by proper
anchorage to the ground or to the structural frame of the
building. The weight of earth superimposed over footings may be
used in determining the dead-load resisting moment. Such earth
shall be carefully placed and thoroughly compacted.
constructed to resist wind forces as specified in Chapter Ind 53, State
(a) Wind Loads - Signs and sign structures shall be designed and
Building Code.
(b) Seismic Loads - Signs and sign structures shall be designed
and constructed to resist seismic forces as specified in Chapter
Ind 53, State Building Code.
(c) Combined Loads - Wind and seismic loads need not be combined
producing the larger stresses need be used.
in the design of signs or sign structures; only that loading
assumed to be acting simultaneously with the wind or seismic
loads.
members shall conform to the requirements of the State Building
(d) Allowable Stresses - The design of wood, concrete, or steel
Code. Loads, both vertical and horizontal, exerted on the soil
Building Code.
shall not produce stresses exceeding those specified in the State
The working stresses of wire rope and its fastenings shall
not exceed 25% of the ultimate strength of the rope or fasteners.
loads may be increased as specified in Chapter Ind 53, State
Working stresses for wind or seismic loads combined with dead
Building Code.
shall be placed in or upon private property and shall be securely
(2) Supports. The supports for all signs or sign structures
Vertical design loads, except roof live loads, shall be
.a requirements of this Code.
built, constructed, and erected in conformance with the
and sign structures shall be of the quality and grade a specified
(3) Materials and Details. Materials of construction for signs
for buildings in the State Building Code.
In all signs and sign structures the materials and details of
construction shall, in the absence of specified requirements,
conform with the following:
A.S.T.M. Standard A36. Secondary members in contact with or
(a) Structural steel shall be of such quality as to conform with
directly supporting the display surface may be formed of light
gauge steel, provided such members are designed in accordance
with the specifications of the design of light gauge steel as
specified in A.S.T.M. Standard A36 and in addition shall be
galvanized. Secondary members when formed integrally with the
thickness.
display surface, shall be not less than No. 24 gauge in
When not formed integrally with the display surface, the
minimum thickness of the secondary members shall be No. 12 gauge.
The minimum thickness of hot-rolled steel members furnishing
structural support for signs shall be one-fourth inch (1/4")
except that if galvanized, such members shall be not less than
one-eight inch (l/e") thick. Steel pipes shall be of such
may be connected with one galvanized bolt provided the connection
quality as to conform with A.S.T.M. Standard A36. Steel members
is adequate to transfer the stresses in the members.
or within six inches (6") of the soil, shall be of all heartwood
(b) Anchors and supports when of wood and embedded in the soil,
of a durable species or shall be pressure-treated with an
approved preservative. Such members shall be marked or branded
by an approved agency.
(4) Anchors - Members supporting unbraced signs shall be so
proportioned that the bearing loads imposed on the soil in either
direction, horizontal or vertical, shall not exceed the safe
values. Braced ground signs shall be anchored to resist the
specified wind or seismic load acting in any direction. Anchors
and supports shall be designed for safe bearing loads on the soil
an for an effective resistance to pull-out amounting to a force
25% greater than the required resistance to overturning. Anchors
and supports shall penetrate to a depth below ground greater than
that of the frost line. Signs attached to masonry, concrete, or
steel shall be safely and securely fastened thereto by means of
metal anchors, bolts, or approved expansion screws of sufficient
size and anchorage to support safely the loads applied.
connection with screws or nails shall be considered proper
No wooden blocks or plugs or anchors with wood used in
anchorage, except in the case of signs attached to wood framing.
supported by, an unbraced parapet wall, unless such wall is
No anchor or support of any sign shall be connected to, or
designed in accordance with the requirements for parapet walls
specified in the State Building Code.
be made of wood, metal, glass or approved plastics. Glass
(5) Display Surfaces - Display surfaces in all types of signs may
thickness and area limitations shall be as set forth in Table
4-A.
Table No. 4-A - Size, Thickness and Type of Glass Panels in
Signs.
Maximum Size of Exposed
Glass Panel
Area
Minimum
Thickness
Any Dimension
(In Inches)
(In Square
Inches)
Of Glass
(In Inches) Type
Of
Glass
30
45
144
500
700
3600
Over 144 Over 3600
1/8 Plain,
Plate
Wired
or
3/18 Plain,
Plate
Wired
or
1/4 Plain,
Plate
Wired
or
1/4 Wired
Glass
Sections of approved plastics on wall signs shall not exceed
one hundred and fifty square feet (150 sq. ft.) in area.
Exceptions:
Sections of approved plastics on signs other than wall signs
Sections of approved plastics on wall signs'shall be separated three
may be unlimited area if approved by the Building Official.
feet (3') laterally and six feet (6') vertically by the required exterior
wall construction.
may not be required to be separated if approved by the Building
Official.
(6) Approved Plastics - The Building Official shall require that
sufficient technical data be submitted to SubStantiate the
that the evidence submitted is satisfactory for the use intended,
proposed use of any plastic material and, if it is determined
he may approve its use.
(7) Clearance Requirements. General - All types of signs shall
conform to the clearance requirements of this section.
Sections of approved plastics on signs other than wall signs
located not less than six feet (6') horizontally or twelve feet
(a) Clearance from High Voltage Power Lines - Signs shall be
(12') vertically from overhead electrical conductors which are
energized in excess of 750 volts. The term "overhead conductors"
bare or insulated, installed above the ground except such
as used in this Section means any electrical conductor, either
conductors as are enclosed in iron pipe or other material
covering of equal strength.
(b) Clearance from Fire Escapes or Exits - No sign or sign
structure shall be erected in such a manner that any portion of
its surface or supports will interfere in any way with the free
use of any fire escape or exit.
to such an extent that light or ventilation is reduced to a point
(c) Obstruction of Openings - No sign shall obstruct any openings
below that required by this Code.
exterior wall in which there are openings within the area of the
Internally illuminated signs erected within five feet (5') of an
sign, shall be constructed of incombustible material or approved
plastics.
Constructed of any material as provided in sec._3- 30,335 0. 30.435 c. FREESTANDING SIGNS (1) Materials. Freestanding signs shall be
(2) Supports. All supports of freestanding signs shall be placed
upon private property and shall be securely built, constructed
and erected to conform with requirements specified in sec.
30.435 D. PROJECTING SIGNS (1) Materials. Projecting Signs shall be
constructed of any material as provided in sec..m ~a.-l35 13.
(2) Design. Projecting Signs shall be thoroughly secured and
anchored to the frame of the building to which they are
the requirements specified in sec. M. 9.Y356.
constructed and erected, and shall be designed in accordance with
JL20 E. WALL SIGNS (1) Materials. Wall signs shall be constructed of
0 3.435 0,
Jd f35
any material as provided in sec. .SZUT. ?O,q35 6.
requirements specified in sec. 30.435 (A).
(2) Design. Wall signs shall be designed in accordance with the
30.435 F. MARQUEES. Signs may be placed on, attached to, or constructed
clearance, height and material, be considered a part of and shall meet the
in a marquee. Such signs shall, for the purpose of determining projection,
requirements for a marquee as specified in the State Building Code.
30.435 G. ELECTRIC SIGNS. (1) Incombustible Materials. The display
area of electric signs shall be constructed of incombustible materials. 0 (2) Watertight Shell - The enclosed shell of electric signs shall
be watertight, excepting that service holes fitted with covers
shall be provided into each compartment of such signs.
display signs shall be installed in accordance with local
(3) Installation - Electrical equipment used in connection with
ordinance9 regulating electrical installation.
(4) Erector's Name - Every electric sign shall have painted on
the surface of the sign the name of the sign erector and date of
erection. Such name and date shall be of sufficient size and
contrast to be readable from a reasonable distance. Failure to
provide such name and date shall be grounds for rejection of the
sign by the Euilding Official.
30.435 H. TEMPORARY SIGNS - See Section 6.09(13) of the Zoning Ordinance.
0
0
Ordinance #855
SECTION 2: The several sections of this ordinance are declared to
be severable. If any section or portion thereof shall be declared
by a decision of a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid,
unlawful, or unenforceable, such decision shall apply only to the
specific section or portion thereof directly specified in the
decision, and not affect the validity of all other provisions,
sections, or portion thereof of the ordinance which shall remain
conflict with the provisions of this ordinance are hereby repealed
in full force and effect. Any other ordinance whose terms are in
as to those terms that conflict.
SECTION 3: This ordinance shall be in full force and effect
from and after its passage and publication.
PASSED AND APPROVED THIS DAY OF , 1995.
David L. De Angelis, Mayor
First Reading 10/11/94
Deferred 10/25/94
ATTEST :
City Clerk
10/94 jmb
Published on the
of - day , 1995.